Топики и сочинения по английскому языку. Биография Альберта Эйнштейна на английском языке, Albert Einstein

Albert Einstein (1)

This German physicist is considered one of the world"s greatest thinkers in history. Not only did he shape the way people think of time, space, matter, energy, and gravity but he also was a supporter of Zionism and peaceful living.

Einstein was born on March 14, 1879 in Ulm, Germany, and spent most of his youth living in Munich, where his family owned a small shop. He attended schooling in Munich, which he found unimaginative and dull. In addition to this, he taught himself Euclidean geometry at the age of 12.

Later his family was forced to move to Milan, Italy where he then decided to withdraw from school at the age of 15. Eventually, he realized that he had to finish secondary school. On the other hand, he still often skipped class to study physics on his own.

At age 22, he became a Swiss citizen and in 1903 married a woman, named Mileva Marec. In a few years, two sons were born but in 1919 he divorced as to marry his cousin.

On the other hand, he published five major research papers at the age of 26.

The first paper was on Brownian motion, which would get him his doctorate in 1905.

The second paper laid the base of the photon, or quantum theory of light. It said that light is made off separate packets of energy, titled quanta or photons. The paper remade the theory of light. Also explaining the emissions of electrons from some solid objects when they are struck by light. Televisions are practical applications of Einstein"s discoveries.

The third paper, which he began as an essay at age 16, contained the « special theory of relativity ». He showed that time and motion are relative to the observer, and the speed of light is constant and natural laws are the same everywhere in the universe.

The fourth was a mathematical addition to the special theory of relativity. This is where he presented his famous E = mc 2 , also known as the energy mass equivalence.

His fifth paper was his general theory of relativity. In which he proposed that gravity is not a force, a previously accepted theory but it"s a curved field in the space-time continuum created in the presence of mass.

In 1921, Einstein won the Nobel Prize for physics for the confirmation of his general theory of relativity although the other papers where still considered controversial.

In 1933, he moved to the USA where he became a citizen ir 1940. Einstein died in Princeton, NJ, on April 18,1955.

Альберт Эйнштейн (1)

Этого немецкого физика считают одним из самых великих мыслителей в истории. Мало того что он сформулировал человеческое представление о времени» пространстве, энергии и гравитации, но он также был сторонником сионизма и мира.

Эйнштейн родился в Ульме, Германия, 14 марта 1879 года и большую часть своей молодости провел в Мюнхене, где его семье принадлежал небольшой магазинчик. В Мюнхене он ходил в школу, которую он считал невыносимо скучной. К тому же он в возрасте 12 лет сам выучил евклидову геометрию.

Позже его семья была вынуждена переехать в Милан, Италия, где он позже, в возрасте 15 лет, решил уйти из школы. Возможно он и понимал, что ему необходимо закончить общеобразовательную школу. С другой стороны, он все также продолжал пропускать уроки, чтобы самостоятельно учить физику.

В возрасте 22 лет он стал гражданином Швейцарии, а в 1903 году женился на Милеве Марек. В скором времени у него рождается два сына, но в 1919 году он разводится, чтобы женится на своей двоюродной сестре.

В возрасте 26 лет он публикует пять главных исследовательских работ.

Первая его работа была посвящена броуновскому движению, она и принесет ему докторскую степень в 1905 году.

Вторая работа легла в основу фотона, или квантовой теории света. Считается, что свет состоит из отдельных частичек энергий, названных квантами, или фотонами. Работа Эйнштейна переосмысливает теорию света. В ней он также объясняет испускание электронов некоторыми твердыми телами, когда эти электроны выбиваются светом. Телевидение - это практическое применение открытий Эйнштейна.

Третья работа, которая была начата им как эссе в возрасте 16 лет, содержала «специальную теорию относительности». Он показал, что время и движение относительны для наблюдателя, если время - это константа, законы мироздания одинаковы во всей Вселенной.

Четвертая работа - математическое дополнение к специальной теории относительности. Именно здесь он представил свою знаменитую формулу E = mc 2 , также известную как эквивалентность массы и энергии.

Пятой работой была общая теория относительности, в которой он сделал предположение, что гравитация - это не сила, как было принятов предыдущих теориях, это искривленное поле в пространственно-временном континууме, которое образуется вблизи массивных объектов.

В 1921 году Эйнштейн выиграл Нобелевскую премию по физике за свою работу по общей теории относительности, хотя другие работы оспаривают это.

В1933 году он переехал в США, где получил гражданство в 1940 году. Эйнштейн умер в Принстоне, штат Нью-Джерси, 18 апреля 1955 года.

Questions:

1. What is Albert Einstein famous for?
2. Why did Albert usually skip classes usually?
3. Why did Albert Einstein get doctorate in 1905?
4. Why was Einstein"s second paper important?
5. What did the third paper contain?
6. What was presented in the fourth paper?
7. What theory did Einstein propose in his fifth paper?
8. What did Albert Einstein win the Nobel Prize for?

Vocabulary:

to consider - считать
gravity - гравитация
supporter - сторонник
dull - скучный, занудный
Euclidean geometry - евклидова геометрия
to move to - переехать куда-либо
to withdraw (past withdrew, p.p. withdrawn) - уходить
to skip - пропускать (уроки)
photon - фотон
quantum theory of light - квантовоя теория света
emissions of electrons - испускание электронов
solid objects - твердые тела
theory of relativity - теория относительности
motion - движение
observer - наблюдатель
natural laws - законы природы
universe - Вселенная
energy mass equivalence - эквивалентность массы и энергии
curved field - искривленное поле
confirmation - подтверждение
controversial - спорный

Albert Einstein (March 14, 1879 – April 18, 1955) was a German-born Jewish theoretical physicist of profound genius, who is widely regarded as the greatest scientist of the 20-th century and one of the greatest scientists of all time. He was awarded the 1921 Nobel Prize for Physics for his explanation of the photoelectric effect in 1905 and "for his services to Theoretical Physics".

After his general theory of relativity was formulated in November 1915, Einstein became world famous, an unusual achievement for a scientist. In his later years, his fame exceeded that of any other scientist in history. In popular culture, his name has become synonymous with great intelligence and even genius.

Einstein himself was deeply concerned with the social impact of scientific discovery. His reverence for all creation, his belief in the grandeur, beauty, and sublimity of the universe (the primary source of inspiration in science), his awe for the scheme that is manifested in the material universe - all of these show through in his work and philosophy.

Youth and college

Einstein was born at Ulm in Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany, about 100 km east of Stuttgart. His parents were Hermann Einstein, a featherbed salesman who later ran an electrochemical works, and Pauline, whose maiden name was Koch. They were married in Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt. The family was Jewish (non-observant); Albert attended a Catholic elementary school and, at the insistence of his mother, was given violin lessons.

At age five, his father showed him a pocket compass, and Einstein realized that something in "empty" space acted upon the needle; he would later describe the experience as one of the most revelatory of his life. Though he built models and mechanical devices for fun, he was considered a slow learner, possibly due to dyslexia, simple shyness, or the significantly rare and unusual structure of his brain (examined after his death). He later credited his development of the theory of relativity to this slowness, saying that by pondering space and time later than most children, he was able to apply a more developed intellect. Another, more recent, theory about his mental development is that he had Asperger"s syndrome, a condition related to autism.

Einstein attended the Luitpold Gymnasium where he received a relatively progressive education. He began to learn mathematics around age twelve. There is a recurring rumor that he failed mathematics later in his education, but this is untrue; a change in the way grades were assigned caused confusion years later. Two of his uncles fostered his intellectual interests during his late childhood and early adolescence by suggesting and providing books on science, mathematics and philosophy.

In 1894, following the failure of Hermann"s electrochemical business, the Einsteins moved from Munich to Pavia, Italy (near Milan). During this year, Einstein"s first scientific work was written (called "The Investigation of the State of Aether in Magnetic Fields"). Albert remained behind in Munich lodgings to finish school, completing only one term before leaving the gymnasium in spring 1895 to rejoin his family in Pavia. He quit without telling his parents and a year and a half prior to final examinations, Einstein convinced the school to let him go with a medical note from a friendly doctor, but this meant he had no secondary-school certificate.

Despite excelling in the mathematics and science portion, his failure of the liberal arts portion of the Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule (ETH, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, in Zurich) entrance exam the following year was a setback; his family sent him to Aarau, Switzerland, to finish secondary school, where he received his diploma in September 1896. During this time he lodged with Professor Jost Winteler"s family and became enamoured with Marie, their daughter, his first sweetheart. Albert"s sister Maja was to later marry their son Paul, and his friend Michele Besso married their other daughter Anna. Einstein subsequently enrolled at the Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule in October and moved to Zurich, while Marie moved to Olsberg for a teaching post. The same year, he renounced his Wurttemberg citizenship and became stateless.

In the spring of 1896, the Serbian Mileva Maric (an acquaintance of Nikola Tesla) started initially as a medical student at the University of Zurich, but after a term switched to the same section as Einstein as the only woman that year to study for the same diploma. Einstein"s relationship with Mileva developed into romance over the next few years.

In 1900, he was granted a teaching diploma by the Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule (ETH Zurich) and was accepted as a Swiss citizen in 1901. He kept his Swiss passport for his whole life. During this time Einstein discussed his scientific interests with a group of close friends, including Mileva. He and Mileva had an illegitimate daughter Lieserl, born in January 1902.

Work and doctorate

Upon graduation, Einstein could not find a teaching post, mostly because his brashness as a young man had apparently irritated most of his professors. The father of a classmate helped him obtain employment as a technical assistant examiner at the Swiss Patent Office in 1902. There, Einstein judged the worth of inventors" patent applications for devices that required a knowledge of physics to understand. He also learned how to discern the essence of applications despite sometimes poor descriptions, and was taught by the director how "to express myself correctly". He occasionally rectified their design errors while evaluating the practicality of their work.

Einstein married Mileva Maric on January 6, 1903. Einstein"s marriage to Maric, who was a mathematician, was both a personal and intellectual partnership: Einstein referred to Mileva as "a creature who is my equal and who is as strong and independent as I am". Ronald W. Clark, a biographer of Einstein, claimed that Einstein depended on the distance that existed in his and Mileva"s marriage in order to have the solitude necessary to accomplish his work; he required intellectual isolation. Abram Joffe, a Soviet physicist who knew Einstein, in an obituary of Einstein, wrote, "The author of was.. a bureaucrat at the Patent Office in Bern, Einstein-Maric" and this has recently been taken as evidence of a collaborative relationship. However, according to Alberto A. Martinez of the Center for Einstein Studies at Boston University, Joffe only ascribed authorship to Einstein, as he believed that it was a Swiss custom at the time to append the spouse"s last name to the husband"s name. Whatever the truth, the extent of her influence on Einstein"s work is a highly controversial and debated question.

On May 14, 1904, the couple"s first son, Hans Albert Einstein, was born. In 1904, Einstein"s position at the Swiss Patent Office was made permanent. He obtained his doctorate after submitting his thesis "A new determination of molecular dimensions" ("Eine neue Bestimmung der Molekuldimensionen") in 1905.

That same year, he wrote four articles that provided the foundation of modern physics, without much scientific literature to which he could refer or many scientific colleagues with whom he could discuss the theories. Most physicists agree that three of those papers (on Brownian motion, the photoelectric effect, and special relativity) deserved Nobel Prizes. Only the paper on the photoelectric effect would win one. This is ironic, not only because Einstein is far better-known for relativity, but also because the photoelectric effect is a quantum phenomenon, and Einstein became somewhat disenchanted with the path quantum theory would take. What makes these papers remarkable is that, in each case, Einstein boldly took an idea from theoretical physics to its logical consequences and managed to explain experimental results that had baffled scientists for decades.

Annus Mirabilis Papers

Einstein submitted the series of papers to the "Annalen der Physik". They are commonly referred to as the "Annus Mirabilis Papers" (from Annus mirabilis, Latin for "year of wonders"). The International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP) plans to commemorate the 100th year of the publication of Einstein"s extensive work in 1905 as the "World Year of Physics 2005".

The first paper, named "On a Heuristic Viewpoint Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light", ("Uber einen die Erzeugung und Verwandlung des Lichtes betreffenden heuristischen Gesichtspunkt") proposed the idea of "energy quanta" (which underlies the concept of what are now called photons) and showed how it could be used to explain such phenomena as the photoelectric effect. This paper was specifically cited for his Nobel Prize.

His second article in 1905, named "On the Motion - Required by the Molecular Kinetic Theory of Heat - of Small Particles Suspended in a Stationary Liquid", ("Uber die von der molekularkinetischen Theorie der Warme geforderte Bewegung von in ruhenden Flussigkeiten suspendierten Teilchen") covered his study of Brownian motion, and provided empirical evidence for the existence of atoms.

Einstein"s third paper that year, "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies" ("Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Korper"), was published on June 30, 1905. While developing this paper, Einstein wrote to Mileva about "our work on relative motion", and this has led some to ask whether Mileva played a part in its development. This paper introduced the special theory of relativity, a theory of time, distance, mass and energy which was consistent with electromagnetism, but omitted the force of gravity.

A fourth paper, "Does the Inertia of a Body Depend Upon Its Energy Content?", ("Ist die Tragheit eines Korpers von seinem Energieinhalt abhangig?") published late in 1905, showed one further deduction from relativity"s axioms, the famous equation that the energy of a body at rest (E) equals its mass (m) times the speed of light (c) squared.

In 1906, Einstein was promoted to technical examiner second class. In 1908, Einstein was licensed in Bern, Switzerland, as a Privatdozent (unsalaried teacher at a university). Einstein"s second son, Eduard, was born on July 28, 1910. In 1911, Einstein became first associate professor at the University of Zurich, and shortly afterwards full professor at the (German) University of Prague, only to return the following year to Zurich in order to become full professor at the ETH Zurich. At that time, he worked closely with the mathematician Marcel Grossmann. In 1912, Einstein started to refer to time as the fourth dimension.

In 1914, just before the start of World War I, Einstein settled in Berlin as professor at the local university and became a member of the Prussian Academy of Sciences. He took German citizenship. His pacifism and Jewish origins irritated German nationalists. After he became world-famous, nationalistic hatred of him grew and for the first time he was the subject of an organized campaign to discredit his theories. From 1914 to 1933, he served as director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics in Berlin, and it was during this time that he was awarded his Nobel Prize and made his most groundbreaking discoveries. He was also an extraordinary professor at the Leiden University from 1920 till officially 1946, where he regularly gave guest lectures.

Einstein divorced Mileva on February 14, 1919, and married his cousin Elsa Lowenthal (born Einstein: Lowenthal was the surname of her first husband, Max) on June 2, 1919. Elsa was Albert"s first cousin (maternally) and his second cousin (paternally). She was three years older than Albert, and had nursed him to health after he had suffered a partial nervous breakdown combined with a severe stomach ailment; there were no children from this marriage. The fate of Albert and Mileva"s first child, Lieserl, is unknown. Some believe she died in infancy, while others believe she was given out for adoption. They later had two sons: Eduard and Hans Albert. Eduard intended to practice as a Freudian analyst but was institutionalized for schizophrenia and died in an asylum. Hans Albert, his older brother, became a professor of hydraulic engineering at the University of California, Berkeley, having little interaction with his father.

General relativity

In November 1915, Einstein presented a series of lectures before the Prussian Academy of Sciences in which he described his theory of general relativity. The final lecture climaxed with his introduction of an equation that replaced Newton"s law of gravity. This theory considered all observers to be equivalent, not only those moving at a uniform speed. In general relativity, gravity is no longer a force (as it is in Newton"s law of gravity) but is a consequence of the curvature of space-time.

The theory provided the foundation for the study of cosmology and gave scientists the tools for understanding many features of the universe that were discovered well after Einstein"s death. A truly revolutionary theory, general relativity has so far passed every test posed to it and has become a powerful tool used in the analysis of many subjects in physics.

Initially, scientists were skeptical because the theory was derived by mathematical reasoning and rational analysis, not by experiment or observation. But in 1919, predictions made using the theory were confirmed by Arthur Eddington"s measurements (during a solar eclipse), of how much the light emanating from a star was bent by the Sun"s gravity when it passed close to the Sun, an effect called gravitational lensing. On November 7, The Times reported the confirmation, cementing Einstein"s fame.

Many scientists were still unconvinced for various reasons ranging from disagreement with Einstein"s interpretation of the experiments, to not being able to tolerate the absence of an absolute frame of reference. In Einstein"s view, many of them simply could not understand the mathematics involved. Einstein"s public fame which followed the 1919 article created resentment among these scientists some of which lasted well into the 1930s.

In the early 1920s Einstein was the lead figure in a famous weekly physics colloquium at the University of Berlin. On March 30, 1921, Einstein went to New York to give a lecture on his new Theory of Relativity, the same year he was awarded the Nobel Prize. Though he is now most famous for his work on relativity, it was for his earlier work on the photoelectric effect that he was given the Prize, as his work on general relativity was still disputed. The Nobel committee decided that citing his less-contested theory in the Prize would gain more acceptance from the scientific community.

The "Copenhagen" interpretation

Einstein"s relationship with quantum physics was quite remarkable. He was the first to say that quantum theory was revolutionary. His postulation that light can be described not only as a wave with no kinetic energy, but also as massless discrete packets of energy called quanta with measurable kinetic energy (now known as photons) marked a landmark break with the classical physics. In 1909 Einstein presented his first paper on the quantification of light to a gathering of physicists and told them that they must find some way to understand waves and particles together.

In the mid-1920s, as the original quantum theory was replaced with a new theory of quantum mechanics, Einstein balked at the Copenhagen interpretation of the new equations because it settled for a probabilistic, non-visualizable account of physical behaviour. Einstein agreed that the theory was the best available, but he looked for a more "complete" explanation, i.e., more deterministic. He could not abandon the belief that physics described the laws that govern "real things", the belief which had led to his successes with atoms, photons, and gravity.

In a 1926 letter to Max Born, Einstein made a remark that is now famous:

Quantum mechanics is certainly imposing. But an inner voice tells me it is not yet the real thing. The theory says a lot, but does not really bring us any closer to the secret of the Old One. I, at any rate, am convinced that He does not throw dice.

To this, Bohr, who sparred with Einstein on quantum theory, retorted, "Stop telling God what He must do!" The Bohr-Einstein debates on foundational aspects of quantum mechanics happened during the Solvay conferences.

Einstein was not rejecting probabilistic theories per se. Einstein himself was a great statistician, using statistical analysis in his works on Brownian motion and photoelectricity and in papers published before the miraculous year 1905; Einstein had even discovered Gibbs ensembles. However, he believed that, at the core, physical reality behaved deterministically. Many physicists argue that experimental evidence contradicting this belief was found much later with the discovery of Bell"s Theorem and Bell"s inequality. However, there is still space for lively discussions about the interpretation of quantum mechanics.

Bose-Einstein statistics

In 1924, Einstein received a short paper from a young Indian physicist named Satyendra Nath Bose describing light as a gas of photons and asking for Einstein"s assistance in publication. Einstein realized that the same statistics could be applied to atoms, and published an article in German (then the lingua franca of physics) which described Bose"s model and explained its implications. Bose-Einstein statistics now describe any assembly of these indistinguishable particles known as bosons. The Bose-Einstein condensate phenomenon was predicted in the 1920s by Bose and Einstein, based on Bose"s work on the statistical mechanics of photons, which was then formalized and generalized by Einstein. The first such condensate was produced by Eric Cornell and Carl Wieman in 1995 at the University of Colorado at Boulder. Einstein"s original sketches on this theory were recovered in August 2005 in the library of Leiden University (see website with original manuscript:

Einstein also assisted Erwin Schrodinger in the development of the quantum Boltzmann distribution, a mixed classical and quantum mechanical gas model although he realized that this was less significant than the Bose-Einstein model and declined to have his name included on the paper.

The Einstein refrigerator

Einstein and Szilard"s refrigerator patent diagram.Einstein and former student Leo Szilard co-invented a unique type of refrigerator (usually called the Einstein refrigerator) in 1926. On November 11, 1930, U.S. Patent 1,781,541 was awarded to Albert Einstein and Leo Szilard. The patent covered a thermodynamic refrigeration cycle providing cooling with no moving parts, at a constant pressure, with only heat as an input. The refrigeration cycle used ammonia, butane, and water.

After Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933, expressions of hatred for Einstein reached new levels. He was accused by the National Socialist regime of creating "Jewish physics" in contrast with Deutsche Physik - "German" or "Aryan physics". Nazi physicists (notably including the Nobel laureates Johannes Stark and Philipp Lenard) continued the attempts to discredit his theories and to blacklist politically those German physicists who taught them (such as Werner Heisenberg). Einstein renounced his German citizenship and fled to the United States, where he was given permanent residency. He accepted a position at the newly founded Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton Township, New Jersey. He became an American citizen in 1940, though he still retained Swiss citizenship.

In 1939, under the encouragement of Szilard, Einstein sent a letter to President Franklin Delano Roosevelt urging the study of nuclear fission for military purposes, under fears that the Nazi government would be first to develop atomic weapons. Roosevelt started a small investigation into the matter which eventually became the massive Manhattan Project.

Institute for Advanced Study

His work at the Institute for Advanced Study focused on the unification of the laws of physics, which he referred to as the Unified Field Theory. He attempted to construct a model which would describe all of the fundamental forces as different manifestations of a single force. His attempt was hindered because the strong and weak nuclear forces were not understood independently until around 1970, fifteen years after Einstein"s death. Einstein"s goal of unifying the laws of physics under a single model survives in the current drive for unification of the forces, embodied most notably by string theory.

После ознакомления с содержанием Топика (Сочинения) по теме " Знаменитые Люди " Советуем каждому из вас обратить внимание на дополнительные материалы. Большинство из наших топиков содержат дополнительные вопросы по тексту и наиболее интересные слова текста. Отвечая на не сложные вопросы по тексту вы сможете максимально осмыслить содержание Топика (Сочинения) и если вам необходимо написать собственное Сочинение по теме "Знаменитые Люди " у вас возникнет минимум сложностей.

Если у вас возникают вопросы по прочтению отдельных слов вы можете дважды нажать на непонятное слово и в нижнем левом углу в форме перевода есть отдельная кнопка которая позволит вам услышать непосредственно произношение слова . Или также вы можете пройти к разделу Правила Чтения Английского Языка и найти ответ на возникший вопрос.

Albert Einstein (1)

This German physicist is considered one of the world"s greatest thinkers in history. Not only did he shape the way people think of time, space, matter, energy, and gravity but he also was a supporter of Zionism and peaceful living.
Einstein was born on March 14, 1879 in Ulm, Germany, and spent most of his youth living in Munich, where his family owned a small shop. He attended schooling in Munich, which he found unimaginative and dull. In addition to this, he taught himself Euclidean geometry at the age of 12.
Later his family was forced to move to Milan, Italy where he then decided to withdraw from school at the age of 15. Eventually, he realized that he had to finish secondary school. On the other hand, he still often skipped class to study physics on his own.
At age 22, he became a Swiss citizen and in 1903 married a woman, named Mileva Marec. In a few years, two sons were born but in 1919 he divorced as to marry his cousin.
On the other hand, he published five major research papers at the age of 26.
The first paper was on Brownian motion, which would get him his doctorate in 1905.
The second paper laid the base of the photon, or quantum theory of light. It said that light is made off separate packets of energy, titled quanta or photons. The paper remade the theory of light. Also explaining the emissions of electrons from some solid objects when they are struck by light. Televisions are practical applications of Einstein"s discoveries.
The third paper, which he began as an essay at age 16, contained the « special theory of relativity ». He showed that time and motion are relative to the observer, and the speed of light is constant and natural laws are the same everywhere in the universe.
The fourth was a mathematical addition to the special theory of relativity. This is where he presented his famous E = mc2, also known as the energy mass equivalence.
His fifth paper was his general theory of relativity. In which he proposed that gravity is not a force, a previously accepted theory but it"s a curved field in the space-time continuum created in the presence of mass.
In 1921, Einstein won the Nobel Prize for physics for the confirmation of his general theory of relativity although the other papers where still considered controversial.
In 1933, he moved to the USA where he became a citizen ir 1940. Einstein died in Princeton, NJ, on April 18,1955.

Альберт Эйнштейн (1)

Этого немецкого физика считают одним из самых великих мыслителей в истории. Мало того что он сформулировал человеческое представление о времени» пространстве, энергии и гравитации, но он также был сторонником сионизма и мира.
Эйнштейн родился в Ульме, Германия, 14 марта 1879 года и большую часть своей молодости провел в Мюнхене, где его семье принадлежал небольшой магазинчик. В Мюнхене он ходил в школу, которую он считал невыносимо скучной. К тому же он в возрасте 12 лет сам выучил евклидову геометрию.
Позже его семья была вынуждена переехать в Милан, Италия, где он позже, в возрасте 15 лет, решил уйти из школы. Возможно он и понимал, что ему необходимо закончить общеобразовательную школу. С другой стороны, он все также продолжал пропускать уроки, чтобы самостоятельно учить физику.
В возрасте 22 лет он стал гражданином Швейцарии, а в 1903 году женился на Милеве Марек. В скором времени у него рождается два сына, но в 1919 году он разводится, чтобы женится на своей двоюродной сестре.
В возрасте 26 лет он публикует пять главных исследовательских работ.
Первая его работа была посвящена броуновскому движению, она и принесет ему докторскую степень в 1905 году.
Вторая работа легла в основу фотона, или квантовой теории света. Считается, что свет состоит из отдельных частичек энергий, названных квантами, или фотонами. Работа Эйнштейна переосмысливает теорию света. В ней он также объясняет испускание электронов некоторыми твердыми телами, когда эти электроны выбиваются светом. Телевидение - это практическое применение открытий Эйнштейна.
Третья работа, которая была начата им как эссе в возрасте 16 лет, содержала «специальную теорию относительности». Он показал, что время и движение относительны для наблюдателя, если время - это константа, законы мироздания одинаковы во всей Вселенной.
Четвертая работа - математическое дополнение к специальной теории относительности. Именно здесь он представил свою знаменитую формулу E = mc2, также известную как эквивалентность массы и энергии.
Пятой работой была общая теория относительности, в которой он сделал предположение, что гравитация - это не сила, как было принято в предыдущих теориях, это искривленное поле в пространственно-временном континууме, которое образуется вблизи массивных объектов.
В 1921 году Эйнштейн выиграл Нобелевскую премию по физике за свою работу по общей теории относительности, хотя другие работы оспаривают это.
В1933 году он переехал в США, где получил гражданство в 1940 году. Эйнштейн умер в Принстоне, штат Нью-Джерси, 18 апреля 1955 года.

Questions:

1. What is Albert Einstein famous for?
2. Why did Albert usually skip classes usually?
3. Why did Albert Einstein get doctorate in 1905?
4. Why was Einstein"s second paper important?
5. What did the third paper contain?
6. What was presented in the fourth paper?
7. What theory did Einstein propose in his fifth paper?
8. What did Albert Einstein win the Nobel Prize for?

Vocabulary:

to consider - считать
gravity - гравитация
supporter - сторонник
dull - скучный, занудный
Euclidean geometry - евклидова геометрия
to move to - переехать куда-либо
to withdraw (past withdrew, p.p. withdrawn) - уходить
to skip - пропускать (уроки)
photon - фотон
quantum theory of light - квантовоя теория света
emissions of electrons - испускание электронов
solid objects - твердые тела
theory of relativity - теория относительности
motion - движение
observer - наблюдатель
natural laws - законы природы
universe - Вселенная
energy mass equivalence - эквивалентность массы и энергии
curved field - искривленное поле
confirmation - подтверждение
controversial - спорный

Albert Einstein (14.03.1879 - 18.05.1955) - English physicist.

Albert Einstein was an outstanding German-born theoretical physicist and one of the fathers of modern physics. He received a Nobel Prize in Physics and was an Honorary Doctor of about 20 leading universities in the world. Einstein wrote more than 300 scientific papers and 150 books on the history and essence of science. He was born on March 14th, 1879, in Ulm, in the family of a salesman. His father and his uncle were the founders of one electrical equipment company. His mother was a housewife. When he was still a toddler, his family moved to Munchen where Albert attended a Catholic elementary school. Later, he transferred to Gymnasium, which now has his name. When he turned 14, he moved to Switzerland, where he studied at the Zurich Polytechnic School. Starting from 1909, he taught at this educational institution and became a Professor.

At the age of 34, he was already the director of the Institute of Physics and a Professor of the University of Berlin. In 1933 he was forced to leave Germany by the Nazis. He moved to the USA then and lectured there at Princeton until his death. His three important scientific works on the theory of relativity, the Brownian motion and quantum theory were published already in 1905. The next year, he created the formula about the relation between mass and energy. In 1916, he predicted the phenomenon of induced radiation of atoms. A year later he completed the general theory of relativity. His theory for the first time in science showed the link between the space-time geometry and distribution of mass in the universe. This theory was based on Newton’s gravitational law. Although Einstein’s theories seemed too revolutionary for that time, it soon received a number of confirmations.

In 1920s and 1930s the anti-Semitism was gradually gaining popularity in Germany. His theory of relativity became a subject of criticism. When the scientific work became impossible in his native country, he moved to the USA. There, he instantly received a professorship at the Princeton Institute for Advanced Study. Unified field theory became the subject of his scientific research for the last twenty years of his life. He tried to bring the theory of gravitation and electromagnetic field together. During the Second World War, he heard of the German uranium project and wrote an open letter to the US President Franklin warning about the possible consequences of the Nazi’s creation of atomic bomb. Shortly before his death, Einstein signed a petition addressed to the governments of all countries, warning them about the dangers of hydrogen bomb and nuclear weapons.

An outstanding and brilliant physicist died on April 18th, 1955. During his life he had a great number of honorary awards and world recognition. He had once received an offer to become the president of Israel, which he politely refused. In 1999, «The Times» magazine named him the man of the century. Einstein was married twice. He met his first wife when he was studying in Zurich. The couple had two sons. In 1919, he got a divorce and married his widowed cousin Elsa, who died in 1936. In his free time he liked playing the violin and was rather good at it. Another cherished hobby of the scientist was sailing.

Перевод:

Альберт Эйнштейн (14.03.1879 - 18.05.1955) - английский физик.

Альберт Эйнштейн был выдающимся физиком-теоретиком немецкого происхождения и одним из отцов современной физики. Он получил Нобелевскую премию по физике и был почетным доктором около 20 ведущих университетов мира. Эйнштейн написал более 300 научных работ и 150 книг по истории и сущности науки. Родился 14 марта 1879 года в Ульме, в семье продавца. Его отец и дядя были основателями одной электротехнической компании. Его мать была домохозяйкой. Когда он был еще ребенком, его семья переехала в Мюнхен, где Альберт посещал католическую начальную школу. Позже он перевелся в гимназию, которая теперь носит его имя. Когда ему исполнилось 14 лет, он переехал в Швейцарию, где учился в Цюрихской Политехнической школе. С 1909 года преподавал в этом учебном заведении и стал профессором.

В возрасте 34 лет, он уже был директором Института физики и профессор Берлинского университета. В 1933 году нацисты вынудили его покинуть Германию. Затем он переехал в США и читал там лекции в Принстоне до своей смерти. Его три важные научные работы по теории относительности, броуновскому движению и квантовой теории были опубликованы еще в 1905 году. В следующем году он создал формулу о соотношении массы и энергии. В 1916 году он предсказал явление индуцированного излучения атомов. Через год он завершил Общую теорию относительности. Его теория впервые в науке показала связь между пространственно-временной геометрией и распределением массы во Вселенной. Эта теория была основана на законе тяготения Ньютона. Хотя теории Эйнштейна казались для того времени слишком революционными, вскоре они получили ряд подтверждений.

В 1920-1930-е годы антисемитизм постепенно набирал популярность в Германии. Его теория относительности стала предметом критики. Когда научная работа в родной стране стала невозможной, он переехал в США. Там он сразу получил должность профессора в Принстонском институте перспективных исследований. Единая теория поля стала предметом его научных исследований на протяжении последних двадцати лет жизни. Он попытался объединить теорию гравитации и электромагнитного поля. Во время Второй мировой войны он услышал о немецком урановом проекте и написал открытое письмо президенту США Франклину с предупреждением о возможных последствиях создания нацистами атомной бомбы. Незадолго до своей смерти, Эйнштейн подписал петицию, обращенную к правительствам всех стран, предупреждающим их об опасности водородной бомбы и ядерного оружия.

Выдающийся и гениальный физик умер 18 апреля 1955 года. За свою жизнь он имел множество почетных наград и мировое признание. Однажды он получил предложение стать президентом Израиля, от которого вежливо отказался. В 1999 году журнал «The Times» назвал его человеком века. Эйнштейн был дважды женат. Он познакомился со своей первой женой, когда учился в Цюрихе. У супругов было двое сыновей. В 1919 году он развелся и женился на своей овдовевшей кузине Эльзе, которая умерла в 1936 году. В свободное время он любил играть на скрипке и неплохо справлялся. Еще одним заветным увлечением ученого было плавание под парусами.

Albert Einstein (1)

This German physicist is considered one of the world"s greatest thinkers in history. Not only did he shape the way people think of time, space, matter, energy, and gravity but he also was a supporter of Zionism and peaceful living.

Einstein was born on March 14, 1879 in Ulm, Germany, and spent most of his youth living in Munich, where his family owned a small shop. He attended schooling in Munich, which he found unimaginative and dull. In addition to this, he taught himself Euclidean geometry at the age of 12.

Later his family was forced to move to Milan, Italy where he then decided to withdraw from school at the age of 15. Eventually, he realized that he had to finish secondary school. On the other hand, he still often skipped class to study physics on his own.

At age 22, he became a Swiss citizen and in 1903 married a woman, named Mileva Marec. In a few years, two sons were born but in 1919 he divorced as to marry his cousin.

On the other hand, he published five major research papers at the age of 26.

The first paper was on Brownian motion, which would get him his doctorate in 1905.

The second paper laid the base of the photon, or quantum theory of light. It said that light is made off separate packets of energy, titled quanta or photons. The paper remade the theory of light. Also explaining the emissions of electrons from some solid objects when they are struck by light. Televisions are practical applications of Einstein"s discoveries.

The third paper, which he began as an essay at age 16, contained the « special theory of relativity ». He showed that time and motion are relative to the observer, and the speed of light is constant and natural laws are the same everywhere in the universe.

The fourth was a mathematical addition to the special theory of relativity. This is where he presented his famous E = mc 2 , also known as the energy mass equivalence.

His fifth paper was his general theory of relativity. In which he proposed that gravity is not a force, a previously accepted theory but it"s a curved field in the space-time continuum created in the presence of mass.

In 1921, Einstein won the Nobel Prize for physics for the confirmation of his general theory of relativity although the other papers where still considered controversial.

In 1933, he moved to the USA where he became a citizen ir 1940. Einstein died in Princeton, NJ, on April 18,1955.

Альберт Эйнштейн (1)

Этого немецкого физика считают одним из самых великих мыслителей в истории. Мало того что он сформулировал человеческое представление о времени» пространстве, энергии и гравитации, но он также был сторонником сионизма и мира.

Эйнштейн родился в Ульме, Германия, 14 марта 1879 года и большую часть своей молодости провел в Мюнхене, где его семье принадлежал небольшой магазинчик. В Мюнхене он ходил в школу, которую он считал невыносимо скучной. К тому же он в возрасте 12 лет сам выучил евклидову геометрию.

Позже его семья была вынуждена переехать в Милан, Италия, где он позже, в возрасте 15 лет, решил уйти из школы. Возможно он и понимал, что ему необходимо закончить общеобразовательную школу. С другой стороны, он все также продолжал пропускать уроки, чтобы самостоятельно учить физику.

В возрасте 22 лет он стал гражданином Швейцарии, а в 1903 году женился на Милеве Марек. В скором времени у него рождается два сына, но в 1919 году он разводится, чтобы женится на своей двоюродной сестре.

В возрасте 26 лет он публикует пять главных исследовательских работ.

Первая его работа была посвящена броуновскому движению, она и принесет ему докторскую степень в 1905 году.

Вторая работа легла в основу фотона, или квантовой теории света. Считается, что свет состоит из отдельных частичек энергий, названных квантами, или фотонами. Работа Эйнштейна переосмысливает теорию света. В ней он также объясняет испускание электронов некоторыми твердыми телами, когда эти электроны выбиваются светом. Телевидение - это практическое применение открытий Эйнштейна.

Третья работа, которая была начата им как эссе в возрасте 16 лет, содержала «специальную теорию относительности». Он показал, что время и движение относительны для наблюдателя, если время - это константа, законы мироздания одинаковы во всей Вселенной.

Четвертая работа - математическое дополнение к специальной теории относительности. Именно здесь он представил свою знаменитую формулу E = mc 2 , также известную как эквивалентность массы и энергии.

Пятой работой была общая теория относительности, в которой он сделал предположение, что гравитация - это не сила, как было принятов предыдущих теориях, это искривленное поле в пространственно-временном континууме, которое образуется вблизи массивных объектов.

В 1921 году Эйнштейн выиграл Нобелевскую премию по физике за свою работу по общей теории относительности, хотя другие работы оспаривают это.

В1933 году он переехал в США, где получил гражданство в 1940 году. Эйнштейн умер в Принстоне, штат Нью-Джерси, 18 апреля 1955 года.

Questions:

1. What is Albert Einstein famous for?
2. Why did Albert usually skip classes usually?
3. Why did Albert Einstein get doctorate in 1905?
4. Why was Einstein"s second paper important?
5. What did the third paper contain?
6. What was presented in the fourth paper?
7. What theory did Einstein propose in his fifth paper?
8. What did Albert Einstein win the Nobel Prize for?

Vocabulary:

to consider - считать
gravity - гравитация
supporter - сторонник
dull - скучный, занудный
Euclidean geometry - евклидова геометрия
to move to - переехать куда-либо
to withdraw (past withdrew, p.p. withdrawn) - уходить
to skip - пропускать (уроки)
photon - фотон
quantum theory of light - квантовоя теория света
emissions of electrons - испускание электронов
solid objects - твердые тела
theory of relativity - теория относительности
motion - движение
observer - наблюдатель
natural laws - законы природы
universe - Вселенная
energy mass equivalence - эквивалентность массы и энергии
curved field - искривленное поле
confirmation - подтверждение
controversial - спорный

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